前缀 re-(red-,ren-,r-)的词源，意思和用法

来源：

汉： 拉丁前缀re-的前身是拉丁文中一个不能独立使用的品词。它的基本意思是back,由此又引申出“intensive,again,against,away,mutually”等含义。大约13世纪起，re-出现在通过法语进入英语的大量拉丁借词中。原生词缀re-有一个异体red-,它只与以元音字母或h开头的拉丁词根相结合。自17世纪起，re-成为英语中的一个活性派生前缀，其意思主要为again。它几乎可以与任何英语动词相缀合。应当注意，原生前缀re-轻读/rl/，派生前缀re-重读/ri:/;此外re-充当派生词缀时，有时需要带连接字符。

英：word-forming element meaning "back to the original place; again, anew, once more," also with a sense of "undoing," c.1200, from Old French and directly from Latin re- "again, back, anew, against," "Latin combining form concievably from Indo-European *wret-, metathetical variant of *wert- "to turn" [Watkins]. Often merely intensive, and in many of the older borrowings from French and Latin the precise sense of re- is lost in secondary senses or weakened beyond recognition. OED writes that it is "impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use," and adds that "The number of these is practically infinite ...." The Latin prefix became red- before vowels and h-, as in redact, redeem, redolent, redundant.

下面重点看一下前缀re- 的主要意思"back"。

1．回，向后

recourse, retractable, renounce

2．变成…，还给，作为答礼，报答，回到原来位置

revoke, retribution, repartee, responsive, revert

3．在后边

retentive, revile, recumbent

4．重新

renovate, residue, rejuvenate

5．回溯，抑制，藏住后面

reminisce, repress, recluse

6．表强调[完全地，彻底地]

resolution, relentless, receptive, renegade, reticent, replete

另外，前缀re- 还有如下几种变形。

1．red [在元音字母前]

redemption, redundant, redintegrate, redolent

2．ren [在辅音字母d前]

render

3．r [在元音字母前]

rapport, ransom, rally, rapprochement

例词：

1.recede [re( =back) +ced(=go)在后边走]
vi. go back from the observer or from an earlier position 退出,退却
recession 退回，后退；经济衰退 recess 休假,（一周左右的）放假；休会，休庭；幽深处 recessive 退行的，逆行的；隐性的 recessional 退场的，休会的；退场时唱的赞美歌
ex) The flood waters are expected to recede within 36 hours.
预计洪水将在36个小时内退去。

2.reimburse [re(=back) +im<in(=in) + burs(=purse, bag, sack) 放回钱包]
vt. pay back; compensate 还，偿还；赔偿，补偿 reimbursement 退还，偿还
ex) Please pay your own travel expenses and the company will reimburse you.
请先支付出差的费用，公司会给你报销。

3.reminisce [re( =back) +min<mon (=remind, remember, warn) 追溯回忆]
vi. think or talk about past events and experiences 陷入回忆，叙说回忆
reminiscence 回想，记忆 reminiscent 令人回想的，回忆的
ex) We had such fun at the 20th high school reunion,reminiscing about the old days.
在高中同学毕业20周年聚会上，我们沉浸在对过去的回忆中，感到非常愉快。

4.responsive [ re( =again) +plic( =fold)重新折、包到那个程度]
adj. a reproduction or copy of a work of art, especially a copy by the maker of the original; facsimile 出于原作者之手的复制品；摹写，复写
replicate 摹写，抄写；折叠
ex) Our school team won the prize for the best replica of the Hoover Dam.
我们学校参赛组制作的胡佛水坝模型最好，所以得了奖。

5.responsive [(re (=back) +spons (=answer,promise,pledge)诈为答礼回应]
adj. answering; answering easily or quickly 回答的，应答的；容易感应的，容易感动的
respond应答，感应response应答，感应 respondent离婚诉讼的被告，应答者
ex) The student was especially responsive in class that day.
那个学生在那天的课堂上反应特别活跃。

词根

1. ced (=go)
accode 同意 *ac<ad(=to,near)

antecede 先行 *ante(=before)

proceedings 会议记录簿，会议录 *pro( =forward)

2.burs (=bag,purse)
bursar （学校或大学的）财务主管

bun-ry （通常指大学的）奖学金

disburse 支付（支出）*dis（=away,apart）

3.min<mon(=remind,warn)

mindful 留心的，不忘的

reminder 提醒的人（事） *re( =back)

admonish 训诫，警告 *ad( =to)

4.plic(=fold)

applicable 可适用的 *ap<ad( =to, near)

explicitly 明白地 *ex( =fold)

implicate 使相关 *im<in( =in)

5.spons(=answer,promise)

sponsorship 赞助者的身份、任务等

responsible 负责的 *re( =again)

irresponsibility 不负责任 ir<in (=not), re(=again)

6.restrict [re( =back, intensive) +strict(=tie, draw)用力捆]
vt. keep within limits; limit 限制，限定；约束，束缚
restriction 限制，限定 restrictive 限制的，限定的 restrain 制止 restraint 抑制
restrained 受抑制的，拘谨的，忍耐的
ex) We had to restrict Donna's privileges because she wouldn't study enough.
因为唐娜不努力学习，所以我们不得不限制她的一些特权。

7.revoke [ rs( =back) +vok( =call, voice)回叫]
vt. repeal, cancel or wrthdraw a decree, consent, permission, etc.撤回，废止，取消
revocation 废止，取消 revocable 可以废止（取消）的
ex) His driver's license was revoked after his DUI arrest.
自从他酒后驾车被捕后，他的驾照就被吊销了。

8.recompense [re( =back) +com( =with) +pens( =pay)用某种东西偿还]
vt. reward; make payment to; compensate a loss, injury, etc.报答．
ex) The insurance company recompensed the people injured in the auto accident.
保险公司对车祸中受伤的人给予了赔偿。

9.reinforce [re( =again) +in( =in) +forc( =strong)重新使内部强壮]
vt. make stronger by adding or supplying more men or material 强化，增强
reinforcement 强化；援助，(pl.)增援部队（舰队）
ex) We reinforced the roof with extra beams to make it hurricane proof.
我们额外用大粱加固了屋顶，以使其经受得住飓风。

10.remnant [ re( =again) +mn<man( =stay)再次、继续停留]
n. residue, remainder; length of cloth offered at a reduced price after the greater part has been sold;a trace 剩余，残余；零碎布头；（pl.）遗迹
ex)I bought this big bag of fabric remnants for just fifty cents.
我只花50美分就买下了这一大包零碎布头。

词根：

1.stict(=tie)
constrict 压缩 *con<com( =together)
distress 痛苦，穷困；使难受 *di<dis( =apart, away)

2.vik(=call,voice)
equivoke 暖昧的话，相声 *equ (=same)
Vox Populi 人民的心声 *popcA(=people)
Vox Dei 神的声音。*dei( =God)

3.pens(=pay,hang)
compensation 赔偿，补偿 *com(=with)

pensive 陷入深思的

prepense 计划的，故意的 *pre(=before)

4.forc(=strong)
forcibly 免强地，强制地

enforce 施行，强迫 *en(=make)

perforce 必然，一定 *per(=through,intensive)

5.mn<man(=stay)
immanent 内在的，无所不在的 *im<in(=in)

immanuel 救世主，耶稣 *im<in(=in)

11.retribution [ re( =again, back) +tribut( =give, pay)作为答礼还给]
n.deserved punishment 报答；报应，惩罚
retributive 报应的，报复的
ex) Some people think of karmic punishment as divine retribution.
有人认为作为报应遭到的惩罚就是上天的惩罚。

12.recapitulate [ re( =again) +cap( =head)再说开头（要点）]
v. repeat the chief points of something重述要点，概述
recapitulation重述要点，概述
ex) In speech class I learned to recapitulate the key points of my address in the conclusion.
我在演讲课七学到一点，那就是在结论部分应该重述演讲内容的要点。

13.redoubtable [red< re ( =intensive) +doub<dob ( =uncertain)完全不确实的、不明确的]
adj. to be feared; formidable 可怕的；令人敬畏的
ex) Many modern politicians continue to quote the redoubtable Winston Churchill.
很多现代政治家们还在继续引用令人敬畏的丘吉尔的话。

14.redundant [(red<re( =back, again) +und( =wave)又起风浪]
adj. superfluous; excessive 多余的，过多的；过度的；重复的
redundance/redundancy 多余，过剩
ex) Stop berating me! You're being redundant.
不要再责备我了！你太过分了。

15. relegate [re( =back) +leg( =send)在后边输送]
adj. send someone to a lower position or grade;
carrying out 使地位降低，使降职：移交
relegation 降职；移交；委托
ex) He relegated his stepson to the broken-down bedroom over the garage
他把他的继子赶到车库上面那个破旧的卧室去了。

16.remit [(re( =away, back) +mit( =send)远远地、在后边输送]
v. send money, etc. by post; forgive; excuse payment of a debt,a punishment,
etc.; make or become less; remand 汇款；宽恕；免除；缓和，变得缓和；将诉讼驳回到下级法院 remission 宽恕；赦免，免除；（疾病、疼痛等）缓解 remittance 汇款（额）remittent（热）忽轻忽重的
ex) We'II ship the merchandise as soon as you romit payment in full.
您一将付款全部寄到，我们就立即用船运送货物。

17. remonstrate [( re ( =again, against) +monstr ( =show) 重新、反对着展示]
v. say or plead in protest, objection complaints, etc. 抗议，表示异议；忠告
remonstrance 抗议；忠告
ex)A rabid fan jumped from the stands to remonstrate with the referee.
一个狂热的爱好者跳下观众席，向审判提出抗议。

18.reprove [ re( =again) +prov( =test)重新进行试验]
vt. find fault with; say sharp words to 责备，指责 reproof 非难，指责，责备
ex) The judge reproved Microsoft for its monopolistic business practices.
法官指责了微软明显的垄断经营。

19.repudiate [(=back,away) +pud( =ashamed)将羞愧置后或远离]
vt. say that one will have nothing more to do with; refuse to accept or acknowledge; refuse to pay an obligation or debt 断绝关系；不接受，否认，反
驳；拒绝支付repudiation拒绝，否认，拒绝支付；断绝关系
ex) Madge publicly repudiated Don at every opportunity after their divorce.
马奇和丹离婚后，一有机会就公开指责丹。

20.requisite [(re( =intensive,．again) +quisit( =ask)一定要求的东西]
n. thing needed or required by circumstances or for success 必要条件，必需条件；必需品
adj. necessary 必要的，必须的
require要求 requirement要求；必需品；条件 requisition 要求，请求（书）
ex) lf you have accumulated the requisite number of credits, you'll graduate.
如果修满了所必需的学分，你就可以毕业了。

21. resilient [ re( =back) +sil<sal( =leap)往回跳]
adj. bouncing or springing back into shape, position, etc. after being stretched,bent or compressed; buoyant in disposition 有弹力的；有恢复能力的；快活的
resilience/resiliency弹性，弹力；恢复能力；快活
ex) Most children are quite resilient and quickly recover from bumps and scrapes.
大部分孩子的伤口愈合能力都很强，磕碰受伤的地方很快就会好。

22.restitution [ re( =back, again) +stit(=stand) 使站回原来的位置]
n. giving back to the rightful owner of something that has been lost or taken away;a making good for loss or damage 运还；赔偿
ex)Some states require thieves to make restitution to their victims.
一些州规定小偷要对受害者进行赔偿。

23.retrench [ re( =intensive, back) +trench( =cut)用力地、在后边切断]
v. cut down expenses; make economies 减少（费用）紧缩；节约
retrenchment 紧缩，节约经费
ex) The corporation was forced to retrench in light of falling revenues.
那家公司不得不根据减少的收益来缩减开支。

24.recant [re（=back,away）+cant( =sing) 在后边、使消失地唱歌]
vt. withdraw or renounce beliefs, statement, etc. in a formal or public manner 正式取消，撤回 recantation 取消，撤回
ex)After sessions with a deprogrammer,Iris recanted her allegiance to the cult.
和说服她放弃被灌输的思想的人见了几次面之后，艾里斯放弃了她对异教的忠诚。

25.reconnaissance [ re( =again) +con( =thoroughly) +n<gn<gno( =know)再一次彻底知道]
n. an exploratory survey or examination as in seeking out information or as in making a pretiminary geological or engineering survey 侦察，勘察；事先考查
reconnoiter 侦察，勘察
ex)I served with a reconnaissance squadron in the Vietnam war.
越战期间我在侦察队服役。

26.recrimination [ ra( =mutually) +crimin( =crime)相互说有罪]
n. accusation made in return for one already made; countercharge 反控诉；互相指责 recriminate 互相指责；反诉 recriminatory 相互指责的；反诉的
ex) The two sides engaged in endless rounds of mutual recrimination.
双方陷入了无休止的相互反控诉中。

27.recumbent [(re( =back) +cumb( =lie)躺在后边]
adj. lying down; idle （特指人）躺着的，靠着的；懒惰的
ex)I was recumbent in a hammock when the earthquake struck.
地震发生的时候，我正躺在吊床上。

28.redolent [red<re( =intensive)+ol( =smell) 味道强烈地散发出来]
adj. be ～ of having a strong smell; reminiscent 芳香的，有香味的；使想起…的
redolence香气，芳香
ex) The small restaurant was redolent of curry and cumin.
那个小饭店弥漫着咖喱和茴香的味道。

29.refulgent [ re( =intensive) +fulg( =shine)非常闪耀的]
adj. shining, brilliant 辉煌的；灿烂的
refulgence 光辉，灿烂
ex)I had an amazing dream of a holy figure garbed in refulgent robes of light.
我做了一个令人惊异的梦，梦见一个神圣的人穿着一件闪烁着灿烂光芒的衣服。

30.replete [ re( =intensive) +plet（=fill）完全填满]
adj. well-filled or plentifully supplied; stuffed with food and drink; gorged 充满的，满满的，充分的；饱满的，饱食的
repletion充满，饱食
ex) The shelter gave the men a Christmas dinner replete with all the trimmings.
那个收容历用各种食物拼配而成的丰盛的圣诞晚餐招待了那些人。

31.rapport [(r< re( =mutually) +ap<ad( =near) +port（=carry）相互搬运得很近]
n. a close or sympathetic relationship; agreement 亲密的关系；同意；一致
ex) l'm afraid I don't have much of a rapport with my new stepchildren.
我和我的继子女之间似乎没有什么亲密感。

32.refractory [ re( =again) +fract( =break)继续破碎、粉碎]
adj. resisting control, discipline, ect.; not yielding to treatment; hard to melt, fuse or work 不听话的，难以驾驭的，固执的；疾病等难以治愈的，痼疾的；难熔的，难以处理的
ex) Four of the retractory children have been placed in foster homes
难以管教的孩子中有四个已被送到领养家庭去了。

33.remand [(re( =back) +mand( =order)俞令在后边输送]
vt. send a prisoner or accused person back into custody, as to await trial or further investigation; send a case back to a lower court for additional proceedings
在找到证据之前一直拘留嫌疑犯，还押：向下级裁判所返送
remanding or being remanded 还押，还留，返送
ex) After having testified, the prisoner was remanded to his prison cell.
在法庭上作完证后，那个罪犯被押回了牢房。

34.repartee [ re( =back) +part( =part)作为答礼交出来]
n. a quick,witty reply; skill in making witty replies 巧妙的应答；巧妙应答之才能
ex) After a few minutes of repartee,she suddenly began to cry.
在几分钟的巧妙应答之后，她突然哭了起来。

35.replendent [( re ( =intensive) +splend ( =shine)非带闪亮的]
adj. very bright; splendid 辉煌的，耀眼的：灿烂的
resplendence/resplendency 耀眼，光辉，灿烂
ex) We stopped to admire a resplendent Christmas tree in the square.
我们停下脚步，欣赏广场上耀眼的圣诞树。